Reconfiguring Islamic Philanthropy for Inclusive Economic Development: Evidence from Indonesia’s Zakat and Waqf Ecosystem
Authors
(1)
,
Anisa Amelia
(2)
Abstract
Indonesia’s zakat and waqf ecosystem has substantial potential to reduce poverty, expand essential services, and advance inclusive economic development. However, institutional fragmentation, uneven governance, limited public trust, and unequal digital access constrain philanthropic impact. This study examines how zakat and waqf institutions can be reconfigured through institutional coordination, digital innovation, accountable management, and maqāṣid al-sharīʿah principles. It analyzes institutional practices, inclusion mechanisms, and pathways linking philanthropic funds with poverty reduction, livelihood empowerment, education, health, and community resilience. The study employs a qualitative descriptive-critical design based on literature review, analysis of laws and institutional reports, and comparative examination of digital zakat and waqf practices in Indonesia and other contexts. Data are interpreted thematically using maqāṣid al-sharīʿah as a normative framework and inclusive development as an evaluative perspective. Findings indicate that digital platforms can improve collection efficiency, transparency, beneficiary identification, and service reach, while productive zakat and waqf can strengthen livelihoods and access to social infrastructure. Nevertheless, rural connectivity gaps, low digital literacy, fragmented data, limited nazhir and amil capacity, and regulatory ambiguity constrain outcomes and may exclude vulnerable groups. Effective reconfiguration requires interoperable data governance, integrated zakat-waqf programs, professional capacity development, participatory oversight, and partnerships among government, philanthropic institutions, fintech providers, civil society, and communities. Digitalization should therefore serve not merely collection, but maqāṣid-oriented empowerment and equitable distribution. The study recommends shared digital infrastructure, stronger regulation and auditing, improved rural accessibility, human capital investment, and outcome-based monitoring to ensure that zakat and waqf contribute measurably to inclusive, resilient, and sustainable development.
Keywords:
Digital Transformation, Economic Empowerment Inclusive Development, Institutional Integration, Maqāṣid al-Sharīʿah, Poverty Alleviation, Waqf, ZakatReferences
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